Correct Answer: Option 4 - Foucault pendulum

Foucault pendulum is used to demonstrate the rotation of earth. it consists of a pendulum that is allowed to freely oscillate in a vertical plane. The direction along which the pendulum swings rotates with time because of earth's daily rotation.

Hence, the other 3 options, tectonic plates, Polaris and a wind wane do not provide evidence for the Earth spinning on its axis and are incorrect.

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Moving away from earth

Hubble's law is the equation in physical cosmology that the recession velocity between various galaxies and the earth is proportional to their distance from earth. Redshift is defined as an increase in the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation received by a detector compared with the wavelength emitted by the source. This increase in wavelength corresponds to a drop in the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.

Hence, options 1, 2 and 4 are incorrect.

Correct Answer: Option 1

Option 1 is the correct representation of the relationship of the universe, earth, galaxy and the solar system. Square representing the universe is the outermost part of the diagram. Within the square lies the parallelogram which represents the galaxy. The universe is filled with large number of galaxies. Within the parallelogram lies the oval representing the solar system. Solar system is a part of the Milky way galaxy. Earth lies in the solar system and the circle representing the Earth is drawn within the oval representing the solar system.

Hence, options, 2, 3 and 4 are incorrect.

Correct Answer: Option 1

The reason for change in location of sunrise is the tilt of the Earth’s axis of rotation with respect to the orbital plane. The axis of rotation is tilted by an angle of 23.5 degrees with respect to the plane in which all the planets go around the Sun. As a result, at some points in the orbit of Earth, the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, and at other points it is tilted away from the Sun. In the first case, the Sun is north of the equator, and in the second case the Sun is south of the equator.

This change in the location of sunrise takes place on June 21^st, March 21^st and December 21^st.

Correct Answer: Option 3

The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized model) relating stratigraphy to time that is used by geologists, paleontologists and other earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of the Earth.

The Precambrian time is supposed to have been in existence for the longest duration with a small portion of it divided among Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic time periods. Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: Option 2

Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole (42′ away as of 2006^[update]), making it the current northern pole star. Polaris is almost directly over the North Pole. Hence, it is invisible from any point in the southern hemisphere. Point B lies in the southern hemisphere.

Correct Answer: Option 3

Point C lies on the equator and the location of sunrise changes on June 21^st. Hence, this point receives 12 hours of day light and 12 hours of darkness on June 21^st.

Correct Answer: Option 2

On December 21^st the Sun is directly overhead at solar noon at point B, since the sun rise is from towards the southern hemisphere on December 21^st.

The Big Bang is a cosmological model of the initial conditions and subsequent development of the universe. It is supported by the most comprehensive and accurate explanations from current scientific evidence and observation.  As used by cosmologists, the term Big Bang generally refers to the idea that the universe has expanded from a primordial hot and dense initial condition at some finite time in the past, and continues to expand to this day.

Incorrect Answers

Plate tectonics describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory encompasses the older concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century.

The law of superposition is a key axiom based on observations of natural history that is a foundational principle of sedimentary stratigraphy and so of other geology dependent natural sciences, which deals with the formation of land masses with the consistent action of the ocean waters.

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Decreased, only

The table above provides the information that the average temperature of the universe since stage 3 has gradually decreased.

Hence, options 2, 3 and 4 are incorrect.