Correct Answer: Option 4 - Troposphere

Troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75 percent of the atmosphere's mass and 99 percent of its water vapor and aerosols. The lowest part of the troposphere, where friction with the Earth's surface influences air flow, is the planetary boundary layer. This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km (1.2 mi) deep depending on the landform and time of day

Incorrect options

Stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere. It is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher up and cooler layers farther down. This is in contrast to the troposphere near the Earth's surface, which is cooler higher up and warmer farther down

Mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. The mesosphere is located from about 50 km to 80-90 km altitude above the Earth's surface. Within this layer, temperature decreases with increasing altitude due to decreasing solar heating and increasing cooling by CO₂ radiative emission

Thermosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. The thermosphere begins about 90 km above the earth

Correct Answer: Option 3 – Air pressure gradient

Pressure gradient (typically of air, more generally of any fluid) is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the pressure changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The pressure gradient is a dimensional quantity expressed in units of pressure per unit length.

Incorrect Answers

Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds when observed from a particular location

The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation point

Correct Answer: Option 2 – the air temperature is closer to the dew point, making cloud formation more likely

Clouds are aggregation of minute particles of water or ice suspended in the air. Clouds are formed when air containing water vapor is cooled below a critical temperature called the dew point and the resulting moisture condenses into droplets on microscopic dust particles (condensation nuclei) in the atmosphere.

As relative humidity increases, the chance of precipitation increases along with it. The same is true when the amount of precipitation increases. It will eventually evaporate, begin to saturate the air, and increase the relative humidity. Relative humidity itself is the measure of the amount of moisture within a column of air. When saturation occurs, water vapor condenses to form clouds and precipitation

Correct Answer: Option 3 – 33%

The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapor to condense into water. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation point. Hence, the difference in temperature of the dry bulb and the wet bulb will give the dew point temperature.

T = 18^o C = Temperature of dry bulb

Tw = 10^o C = Temperature of wet bulb

Td = Dew point = T – Tw = 8^o C

Relative Humidity, RH = 100 - 5 * (T - Td) = 100 - 5 * (10) = 50% (online calculator gives 33%)

Correct Answer: Option 4 – wind blowing from the right

Dunes are subject to different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dune are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune, and a shorter "slip face" in the lee of the wind.

Correct Answer: Option 1

A station model is a symbolic illustration showing the weather occurring at a given reporting station.

Wind is plotted in increments of 5 knots, with the outer end of the symbol pointing toward the direction from which the wind is blowing. The wind speed is determined by adding up the total of flags, lines, and half-lines, each of which have the values – Flag 50 Knots, Line 10 Knots, Half-Line 5 Knots

The diagram in option 1 shows wind at 25 knots blowing in the northwest direction and the pressure of 1023.7mb represented in numbers. Hence, this is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Earth's rotation on its axis

Earth’s planetary wind belts are a result of earth’s rotation on its axis. Since, the earth spins the wind try to move to the right in the Northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is called the Coriolis Effect.

The curving of wind is not guided by unequal heating of the earht’s atmosphere, or the earth’s surface or its gravitational pull on moon. Hence, options 2, 3 and 4 are incorrect.

Correct Answer: maritime tropical (mT or MT)

• Maritime tropical is the symbol used to represent air mass.

Correct Answer: The name of the city for which this forecast was given is Binghamton, NY

Correct Answer:

Some actions which people can take to protect themselves from lightning are:

• Move inside a house or a covered area
• Restrict themselves from using telephone or electric equipments